What Is Zen Meditation

What Is Zen Meditation Meditation Print Zen Meditation Benefits, Uses, and Access to the Unconscious By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on March 21, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on March 21, 2019 Martin Puddy / Corbis / Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Meditation Happiness Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Happens During Zen Meditation Benefits Impact on the Brain Access to the Unconscious Drug Abuse Treatment How to Learn It Is Zen Meditation Right for You? View All Back To Top Zen meditation, also known as Zazen, is a meditation technique rooted in Buddhist psychology. The goal of Zen meditation is to regulate attention. It’s sometimes referred to as a practice that involves “thinking about not thinking.” People usually sit in the lotus position (sitting with their legs crossed) during Zen meditation. They focus their attention inward. While some practitioners say this is accomplished by counting breathsâ€"generally from one to 10â€"each time they exhale, others say there is no counting involved. What Happens During Zen Meditation Zen meditation is considered an “open-monitoring meditation.” Monitoring skills are transformed into a state of reflexive awareness with a broad scope of attention without focusing on one specific object. Zen meditation is similar to mindfulness in that it is about focusing on the presence of mind. But mindfulness is about focusing on a specific object and Zen meditation involves a general awareness. Unlike loving kindness and compassion meditation (which focuses on cultivating compassion) or mantra meditation (which involves the recitation of a mantra), Zen meditation involves increased awareness of the ongoing physical and self-referential processes. Individuals who practice Zen meditation attempt to expand their attentional scope to incorporate the flow of perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and subjective awareness. Zen meditation often involves keeping the eyes semi-open, which is different from most other forms of meditation that encourage closing the eyes. During Zen meditation, practitioners dismiss any thoughts that pop into their minds and essentially think about nothing. Over time, they learn how to keep their minds from wandering and may be able to tap into their unconscious minds. The goal is often to become more aware of preconceived notions and gain insight into oneself. Benefits Research clearly shows meditation has a wide range of physical, cognitive, social, spiritual, and emotional health benefits. And of course, meditation can be a great stress reliever, which is why many people turn to it in the first place. It’s likely that Zen meditation offers many of the benefits of other types of meditation, but much of the research on meditation hasn’t differentiated between the different types. There is early research that shows different types of meditation may affect the brain in slightly different ways. So, it’s possible that Zen meditation might offer some additional benefits beyond the benefits seen in other types of meditation. Impact on the Brain For years, scientists have studied how meditation affects the mind and the body and there’s been some particular interest in Zen meditation practice and how it affects the brain. In a 2008 study, researchers compared 12 people who had more than three years of daily practice in Zen meditation with 12 novices who had never practiced meditation. Everyone in the study was given a brain scan and asked to focus on their breathing. Occasionally, they were asked to distinguish a real word from a nonsense word on a computer screen. Then, they were instructed to try and focus on their breathing again. The scans revealed that Zen training led to different activity in a set of brain regions known as the “default network.” The default network is linked to wandering minds. The volunteers who regularly practiced Zen meditation were able to return to their breathing much faster than the novices after being interrupted. The authors of the study concluded that meditation may enhance the capacity to stay focused, pay attention, and limit distractionâ€"all of which can be a struggle for many people in today’s digital world. Access to the Unconscious There’s also been a lot of curiosity about whether Zen meditation can allow practitioners to better access their unconscious minds. It’s thought that the conscious mind can only focus on one thing at a timeâ€"like your grocery list or a book that you’re reading. But, experts suspect the unconscious mind is vast. Many researchers believe that knowing how to access unconscious processes could foster greater creativity and help people become more aware of the things they need to do to reach their goals.   A 2012 study examined whether Zen meditation helped practitioners better access their unconscious minds. All of the participants were experienced Zen meditators. One group was asked to meditate for 20 minutes. The other group was asked to read magazines. Then, all of the participants were seated in cubicles with a computer. They were instructed to link three words presented on the screen by a fourth, associated word. They were asked to type the answer as fast as possible. The individuals who meditated prior to the test were able to complete the task faster, which showed researchers they had better access to their unconscious minds. In another study, one group was again asked to meditate for 20 minutes while the control group was simply told to relax. Then, all the volunteers were asked 20 questions, each with three or four correct answers. For example, they may be asked to name one of the four seasons. Just before seeing the question on the computer screen, however, a potential answer such as “spring” flashed up for 16 milliseconds. The meditation group gave, on average, 6.8 answers that matched the subliminal words. The control group only matched an average of 4.9 words. The researchers concluded that the meditators were better able to access what the brain has paid attention to than the non-meditators. The authors of the study report Zen meditation might be able to provide better insight into what’s going on in the background of the brain. A better understanding of how you’re feeling, why you make certain decisions, and how you’re influenced by your environment may have a big impact on your life. Drug Abuse Treatment While many meditation practices are about the mind-body connection, the authors of a 2018 study published in the Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine say Zen meditation also includes the brain-heart interactions. According to the authors, Zen practitioners devote their practice to disclosing the spiritual heart inside the organ heart. They state, “Through years of Zen meditation practice, practitioners have their brain functions totally reformed into a so-called detached brain dominated by the spiritual heart.” This is one of the reasons why Zen meditation is used in drug abuse treatment programs in Taiwan. Zen meditation slows heart rate and respiration while also improving the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. Individuals who are in recovery from drug abuse may experience problems with their autonomic nervous systemâ€"the system responsible for the control of the bodily functions that are not consciously directed, like breathing, heartbeat, and digestive processes. Researchers have found that 10-minute Zen meditation sessions have shown significant improvement in autonomic nervous system function in patients. Zen meditation also improves mood and a better mood can be key to helping people with a drug addiction resist the temptation to use again. The researchers also found that Zen meditation “enhances the hypothalamus and frontal-lobe functioning,” which improves their self-control and helps them overcome addiction. Sixteen out of 18 participants in the study said they experienced “cleaning and rejuvenation of body and mind” after a 10-minute Zen meditation session. Participants also reported scalp tingling, whole-body heat, and feeling cool. Researchers who use Zen meditation as a treatment say it impacts regions of the brain that help individuals successfully go through detox and the recovery process.   How to Learn It There are many ways to learn more about Zen meditation. There are plenty of audio programs, online videos, online learning programs, and books devoted to the subject. You might also find a Zen meditation class so you can learn from an instructor. In addition, there are a variety of meditation retreats that last anywhere from a weekend to a month or more. Zen meditation retreats are especially popular with tourists in China who want to learn the practice in a Buddhist temple. So depending on your interest, needs, and budget, there are plenty of ways to find a program that will help you learn Zen meditation techniques. Is Zen Meditation Right for You? When it comes to meditation, it’s important to find which type is best suited for you. Enjoying your meditation practice is key to sustaining over a long time. Research shows that Zen meditation doesn’t always turn out to be a favorite. In fact, sometimes, it’s near the bottom of the list.  In a 2012 study, college students spent seven days practicing a specific type of meditation over the course of four weeks. At the end of the study, they were asked to rank the meditation practices in order of personal preference. Significantly more participants ranked Vipassana (mindfulness) and Mantra meditation as higher than Zen and Qigong Visualization. If you try Zen meditation and it isn’t right for you, don’t ward off all types of meditation. You might simply need to try another type until you find that one that is best suited for you. Meditation for Stress Reduction

The Battle Of The Civil War - 1736 Words

Abstract: As the first major battle of the Civil War the First Battle of Bull Run was an end to the illusions of a quick war and instead offered a first glimpse into the long and bloody four-year struggle the Civil War would become. In this paper the battle and its many repercussions across the political, social and military spectrum of the Union and Confederacy will be explored. Background: With the formation of the Confederate States and the outbreak of hostilities at Ft. Sumter only a few months earlier there was both political and popular pressure on both sides to commence hostilities and bring the war to a quick conclusion. Both sides believed that a few decisive battles would settle the matter and in the southern opinion would†¦show more content†¦Sumter. In response to these factors President Lincoln directed General McDowell to devise a plan to attack the Confederates. In response the General drew up a plan to engage the rebels at Manassas Junction, Va. While McDowell had confidence in his plan he wasn’t as confident in his men who at the time were green and untested by battle. McDowell asked for more time to train his troops but the political pressure and popular opinion prevented any delays. This sentiment is evident in the words of Union Quartermaster-General Meigs who stated, â€Å"it’s better to whip them here†¦to make fight in Virginia was cheaper and the better case† (McPherson pg336). In this assessment Lincoln agreed and directed McDowell to commence his offensive as planned stating, â€Å"You are green it is true†¦but they are green also, you are all green alike†. (McPherson pg. 336) Prelude to Battle: In June of 1861 McDowell presented his plan to Lincoln and the Cabinet to engage the flank of the 24,000 Confederates forces stationed at Bull Run Creek about 25 miles South West of Washington, DC. This Confederate force was commanded by General Beauregard, the hero of Ft Sumter which gave the plan an added benefit of a bit revenge. McDowell’s plan of attack was to use 35,000 Union Troops advancing in three separate columns with 10,000 troops held in reserve to engage a combined Confederate Army stationed

Human Resource Management - 8564 Words

Strategic Management of Human Resources Section A: (Take around 15 minutes to answer each question, 1 or max 1.5 pages for each question) 1. What do we mean by the terms ‘Best fit’ and ‘Best practice’ to describe SHRM (Strategic Human Resource Management). Which is better? Use any short case examples to illustrate your discussion? Answer: By Definition ‘Strategic Human resource management is an approach that refers how the aims of the organization will be acquired through people by means of human resource strategies and combined human resource practices and policies. Strategic Human resource management is also based with viewing the people of the organization as a strategic element for the acquirement of competitive benefit’.†¦show more content†¦8]Developing appropriate measuring tools to measure the impact of the SHRM initiatives 9] Resorting to workplace motivation approach – something that influencesemployees to do things to achieve organizational goals 10] Development of an appropriate organizational reward system (such as gain-sharing) Once these challenges are identified and tackled with determination by the HR departments of the world, they shall be further steps closer in achieving successful SHRM implementation in the organization thus closer to the business goals and objectives. Section B: essay and report questions (Take around one hour to answer each question) 1. 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Many people questioned and often said â€Å"Why human resource management?† My answer, I chose human resource managers because I believe they are a vital part of a hospitals success. They make the plans, they direct the staff and they coordinate how people work together and where they need to be. Throughout this paper , I will describe human resource managers- what they do, what are the requirements

K Pop Invasion Free Essays

 ·Jealous Jealous of the girl who caught your eye One of my darker days When you looked at her where was I? Shoulda been in her place, here I am All alone imagining what could have been If I had been there Jealous of the one whose arms are around you If she’s keeping you satisfied Jealous of the one who finally found you Made your sun and your stars collide La la la la la la la She’s a very, very lucky girl La la la la la la la Jealous of the one who won your heart They say it’s a perfect match She’s gonna get to be where you are And I don’t get better than that She’ll say you’re fine Whisper words I wish were mine And they might have been If I had been there Jealous of the one whose arms are around you [ From: http://www. elyrics. net/read/n/nina-lyrics/jealous-lyrics. We will write a custom essay sample on K Pop Invasion or any similar topic only for you Order Now html ] If she’s keeping you satisfied Jealous of the one who finally found you Made your sun and your stars collide La la la la la la la She’s a very, very lucky girl La la la la la la la You know I’d fight the good fight If I thought I’d change your mind But if she makes you happy I would leave that dream behind Man, she better treat you right And give you everything ‘Cause at the moment she doesn’t I’ll be waiting in the wings Jealous of the one whose arms are around you If she’s keeping you satisfied Jealous of the one who finally found you Made your sun and your stars collide La la la la la la la She’s a very, very lucky girl La la la la la la la La la la la la la la She’s a very, very lucky girl  ·We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together I remember when we broke up the first time Saying, â€Å"This is it, I’ve had enough,† ’cause like We hadn’t seen each other in a month When you said you needed space. (What? ) Then you come around again and say â€Å"Baby, I miss you and I swear I’m gonna change, trust me. † Remember how that lasted for a day? I say, â€Å"I hate you,† we break up, you call me, â€Å"I love you. â€Å" Oooh we called it off again last night But oooh, this time I’m telling you, I’m telling you We are never ever ever getting back together We are never ever ever getting back together You go talk to your friends, talk to my friends, talk to me But we are never ever ever ever getting back together Like, ever†¦ I’m really gonna miss you picking fights And me, falling for it screaming that I’m right And you, would hide away and find your peace of mind With some indie record that’s much cooler than mine Oooh, you called me up again tonight But oooh, this time I’m telling you, I’m telling you We are never ever ever getting back together We are never ever ever getting back together You go talk to your friends, talk to my friends, talk to me (talk to me) But we are never ever ever ever getting back together Oooh yeah, oooh yeah, oooh yeah Oh oh oh I used to think that we were forever ever And I used to say, â€Å"Never say never†¦ † Uggg, so he calls me up and he’s like, â€Å"I still love you,† And I’m like†¦ â€Å"I just†¦ I mean this is exhausting, you know, like, We are never getting back together. Like, ever† No! We are never ever ever getting back together We are never ever ever getting back together You go talk to your friends, talk to my friends, talk to me But we are never ever ever ever getting back together We, ohhh, getting back together,ohhh, We, ohhh, getting back together You go talk to your friends, talk to my friends, talk to me (talk to me) But we are never ever ever ever getting back together  ·Awake With every appearance by you Blinding my eyes, I can hardly remember The last time I felt like I do You? re an angel disguised And you? re lying real still But your heartbeat is fast just like mine And the movie? s long over That? s three that have passed, one more? s fine Will you stay awake for me? I don? t wanna miss anything I don? t wanna miss anything I will share the air I breathe I? ll give you my heart on a string I just don? t wanna miss anything I? m trying real hard not to shake I? m biting my tongue but I? m feeling alive And with every breath that I take I feel like I? ve won You? re my key to survival And if it? s a hero you want [. From: http://www. elyrics. net/read/s/secondhand-serenade-lyrics/awake-lyrics. html . ] I can save you, just stay here Your whispers are priceless Your presence is too so please stay here Will you stay awake for me? I don? t wanna miss anything I don? t wanna miss anything I will share the air I breathe I? ll give you my heart on a string I just don? t wanna miss anything Say my name, I just want to hear you Say my name, so I know it’s true You? re changing me, you? re changing me You showed me how to live, so just say, so just say That you? ll stay awake for me I don? t wanna miss anything I don? t wanna miss anything I will share the air I breathe I? ll give you my heart on a string I just don? t wanna miss anything  ·Inside My Heart I am nobody with no sense at all Pale as the mountain, cold as the shore Tried reminiscing, alone imagining What if I come to you? Then I stood up making the hours Gazing the sunsets, watching the stars.. Sparkling, smiling hello to my eyes. These as you come to me Chorus: Inside my heart is you No greater love, no one above you Inside my heart is you Stay in love always, as I live in your ways Coz, inside my heart is you.. Play with the raindrops, lie on the sand (From: http://www. elyrics. net/read/f/frencheska-farr-lyrics/inside-my-heart-lyrics. html) Sail through the ocean, chasing the clouds Showed me completely what life is about†¦ I left with no worries flying so high (Repeat chorus) The end of all waiting, my new beginning Coz you have loved me this way. Inside my heart is you (oohh) No greater love no one above you ( no one above you†¦ oohh) Inside my heart is you Stay in love always, as I live in your ways Coz, inside my heart is you.. Now I know the meaning Its love you creating The love in my heart is you†¦ Inside my heart is you..  ·Baby Baby [TAEYEON] Dorineun mam goma oon mam gadeukhi damaso Jelyebeun pojak soge (jonhago shipeunde) [YURI] Anilgoya ooseulgo ya ungdoonghan sang sang daemooneh Mae il miruneun babo (wae nagat janh ge) [JESSICA] Neul ootdon moseub neega nae mam hoob chingo [SUNNY] Gong maro numoo malo andweneunde [ALL] Please baby baby baby geu dae ga nae aneh [SEOHYUN] Numoo do gipi deurowa bo ilga iron nae sujubeun gobaek [ALL] Baby baby baby salmyo shi dagaga [SOOYOUNG] Jakeun mogsoriro gaga ee noman deurige malhae joolgeh [YOONA] Dab dab han mam mianhan mam onjenga jonaejool Mae il sahyo ganeun sunmool (jonhago shipeunde) [TIFFANY] Anilgo ya shireulgoya Geunyang nalpyon han chingu ee sangeun joldae anya (geuromyun ajae? ) [SUNNY] Neul otneun moseub nimam hoob chigo shipo [TAEYEON] Jongmaro numoo deulryo jugo shipo [ALL] Please baby baby baby geudaega nae aneh [From: http://www. elyrics. net/read/g/girls_-generation-lyrics/baby-baby-lyrics. html ] [JESSICA] Numoodo gipi deurowa bo il ga iron nae sujubeun gobaek [ALL] Baby baby baby sal myo shi dagaga [HYOYEON] Boodeuron noon ooseum euro noye momeh seumyo algoya [SEOHYUN] Sashil nudo algo nagagaji mothaneun nal [JESSICA] Oneu saenga naege no daga ogo itneungol [TAEYEON] Pogeunhan geu poomeuro nal gok anajwo [ALL] Please baby baby baby geudaega nae aneh [YURI] Numoo do gipi deurowa bo il ga iron nae sujubeun go baek [ALL] Baby baby baby sal myo shi dagaga [YOONA] Jakeun mogsoriro gaga ee noman neurige malhae jooleh [ALL] Please baby baby baby naega geudae aneh [TIFFANY] Sojong han sarang maneuro gadeugi chaewo nogo shipungolyo [ALL] Baby baby baby ijeneun geudaeye [TAEYEON] Nugodo boorubji anheul gajang yebeun yoja chinguya [ALL] Please baby baby baby How to cite K Pop Invasion, Essay examples

Early Adulthood free essay sample

For this paper I interviewed my mom. She has been out of her mother’s house since she was 17, she is now 43. Physical Have you experienced weight gain? â€Å"I have gained around 70 pounds since high school but, I also had six kids along that way to help me gain this weight. I have been trying to workout lately but I can’t seem to find workouts that will help me get rid of the weight I gain over these years. I just want to lose a little weight. † What changes have taken place in terms of nutrition? I have defiantly let go through these last few years. Eating a lot more sugary things like candy and drinking WAY too much diet soda. Do you cook at home or eat out more often? â€Å"I eat out more than I cook, I cook all day at work the last thing I want to do is go home and cook. We will write a custom essay sample on Early Adulthood or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So it’s easier to just eat out. † Do you eat breakfast regularly? â€Å"I never really ate breakfast even when I was young, just a small bowl of cereal or oatmeal. But I always drink my coffee every day, I function without it. † Do you have a regular exercise patterns? Only when you kids keep me going to the gym. When we go together it makes it easier to keep a schedule. † How has your exercise patterns change in early adulthood? â€Å"I was very active as teen. I played volleyball, danced, and loved to stay active. After starting my own family I lost my drive to, I focused more on you kids and the activities you guys did rather than my own activities. † Have you experience more colds or illness? â€Å"I don’t get sick very often. Only when you guys bring something home and smother me in your sickness. Have you experienced any aches, pains, and body changes? â€Å"Well yeah. My back is horrible my feet hurt all the time and my legs hurt if I stand too long. It’s a part of getting older. † Cognitive Since high school, what have you done to keep your mind active? â€Å"I enjoy doing puzzles, mostly Mahjong tiles on the internet. I also enjoy playing solitaire and games like that. † What hobbies have you discontinued or started? â€Å"Well I stopped painting; I can’t find the time or money to start that back up. But I have been crocheting and things like that more often. I was pretty good but I need a little work. I also stopped playing the piano, and haven’t picked that up either. What means do you use to self-reflect? â€Å"In high school I kept a journal, but now I just think about things, look at old pictures and things like that. † What other interest have you found in early adulthood? â€Å"I enjoy renovating the house, fixing little things here and there. I don’t know why but it keeps be pretty happy. I’ve also found photography, this I picked up when I worked with Marty and was taking the school pictures. Career Choices How have you attempted to establish yourself in term of career or a particular field? â€Å"I’ve just went with the punches, getting a job when I could, keeping it until I needed to find a better one. That was mostly when I was offered a job that offered more money or had better insurance for the family. Things like that. † How important has it been for you to match personal values with a career? â€Å"With six kids at home and no real college degree, not very important. I worked to make sure you kids would be okay and have things you wanted. I did enjoy some of my jobs don’t get me wrong, but I did get some of them to just have a job to support the family. † How has work, school, or both impacted your life? â€Å"I think work has made me understand why I should have stayed in school and finished my degree to become a nurse. It would have made my life a lot easier, not having to worry about money. † How do you view the phrases â€Å"I work to live† or â€Å"I live to work†? â€Å"I feel my life has been ‘I work to live’, that’s what I needed to do with my life to keep my family going. I had to work.

Emile Durkheim Essays (856 words) - Sociology Books, Mile Durkheim

Emile Durkheim Emile Durkheim was born in the eastern French province of Lorraine on April 15, 1858. He was the s on of a rabbi and descending from a long line of rabbis, he decided early that he would follow the family tradition and become a rabbi himself. He studied Hebrew, the Old Testament, and the Talmud, while following the regular course of in secular schools. He soon turned away from all religious involvement, though purposely not from interest in religious phenomena, and became a freethinker, or non-believer. At about the time of his graduation he decided that he would dedicate himself to the scientific study of society. Since sociology was not a subject either at the secondary schools or at the university, Durkheim launched a career as a teacher in philosophy. Emile Durkheim made many contributions to the study of society, suicide, the division of labor, solidarity and religion. Raised in a time of troubles in France, Durkheim spent much of his talent justifying order and commitment to or der. Durkheim was a pioneer French sociologist, taught at Bordeaux (1887-1902) and the University of Paris (1902-17). He introduced the system and hypothetical framework of accurate social science. Durkheim was author of The Division of Labour (1893), Rules of Sociological Method (1895), Suicide (1897), Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1915). Emile Durkheim has often been characterized as the founder of professional sociology. He has a great closeness with the two introductory sociologists, Comte and Saint-Simon. Durkheim willingly noticed the ideas of the Division of Labor and the Biological Analogy. Both ideas which had been differently well developed by Comte and Saint-Simon. Durkheim's holism approach said that sociology should focus on and study large social operations and cultures. He used functionalism, an approach of studying social and cultural phenomena as a set of interdependent parts, to find out the roles these institutions and processes play in keeping social order. Because of this importance in large social processes and institutions, Durkheim's sociology can be described as macro-sociological as compared to a micro-sociological, which takes it's starting point at the individual. Durkheim's main purpose was to give sociology a professional and scientific standing like other traditional social sciences. In order to do this, Durkheim argued that it was essential to clearly state the domain or area of study for sociology. He said that sociology's concern was with the social. This section of the social should be separated from the area of psychological and the individual. If there was to be something called sociology there should be a job just for sociology and sociologists. Durkheim said that the social was an independent physical existence, called a society. Durkheim argued that this society didn't depend on the plans and stimulation of individuals for its lasting existence. Society was 'thing-like'. So the social or society had a life and logic of its own. If this was the case then sociology had a purpose. Durkheim also went into the subject of religion. He said that the god concept was a false way [collective representation] of the power that groups used to shape the behavior of members. He thought of religion as a solution to the problem of solidarity, how to hold people together when they have conflicting interests. Durkheim looked to the activities of early religions in rituals. He said rituals were specific tools that implanted illustrations of that society in the members of the society. He suggested that these rituals honored the group and its identity and not the individual's identity. So the basic purpose of these religions and their rituals was to maintain social solidarity within those societies. So, the function of religion in those societies was the worship not of 'god' but of the society. He said there were other ways to get solidarity than by religion. He mentioned the division of labor, which is defined as the assignment of certain tasks, jobs, or work to be done by cert ain individuals, groups, and classes of people. Sex, age, education type and level, and the occupation area of one's family are the most traditional bases for distinguishing occupational activities. Durkhiem also explained suicide. He explained suicide in terms of the degree to which a person is joined into social life. At the

Human Resources Management The WritePass Journal

Human Resources Management Introduction Human Resources Management from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://adh.sagepub.com/content/4/4/392.full.pdf Dickey, J., Dudley, L., Rees, J., Thompson, J. Wamsley, G. 1999. Information Technology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Implementation Issues: An Analysis. Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia   Ã‚  Ã‚   Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Administration and Public Policy: 1-5.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved on Nov 20, 2012 from http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-042399-           053715/unrestricted/DISSERTATION2.PDF Scandura, T.A., Williams, E.A. 2000. Research Methodology in Management: Current Practices, Trends, and Implications for Future Research. Academy of Management   Journal, 43(6): 1248–64. Taylor, S., Beechler, S. Napier, N. 1996. Toward an Integrative Model of Strategic International Human Resource Management. Academy of Management Review, 21(4):   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   959–86. Usunier, J. C. 1998. International and Cross-cultural Management Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers. Vanderbroeck, P. 1992. Long-term Human Resource Development in Multinational Organizations. Sloan Management Review, 34 (1): 95–102. Human Resources Management Introduction Human Resources Management , February 22). Tesco Job Sparks Outcry. Wall Street Journal Eastern Edition. p. B7. Tesco jobs at risk after Eddie Stobart taiceover. (2012). Truck Driver, 8. Tesco ready to chill